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🔍 Understanding Windows File Systems: FAT, FAT32, NTFS, CDFS, and UDF Explained In the world of computers, file systems are crucial. They determine how data is named, stored, organized, and accessed. Every operating system — from Windows and DOS to Macintosh and UNIX — utilizes some form of a hierarchical (tree-like) file system where files are placed into folders or directories for logical storage. Let's break down the key file systems supported by Windows 2000 and later, including their characteristics, advantages, limitations, and support across operating systems. 📁 What is a File System? A file system defines: Naming conventions (character limits, valid characters) File path structure Storage organization Security features (like access permissions and encryption) 🗂️ Windows Supported File Systems 1. FAT (File Allocation Table) Used with DOS and early Windows versions Supports partitions up to 4 GB No spaces in filenames No built-in...

A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other, like in an office building, school, or home. LANs are usually built to enable the sharing of resources and services like files, printers, games, applications, email, or internet access. Multiple local networks may stand alone, disconnected from any other network, or might connect to other LANs or a WAN (like the internet). Traditional home networks are individual LANs but it is possible to have multiple LANs within a home, like if a guest network is set up. Technologies Used to Build a LAN Modern local area networks predominantly use either Wi-Fi or Ethernet to connect their devices together. A traditional Wi-Fi LAN operates one or more wireless access points that devices within signal range connect to. These access points in turn manage network traffic flowing to and from the local devices and can also int...

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of  area network . Common types of area networks are: LAN - Local Area Network WAN - Wide Area Network WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network MAN - Metropolitan Area Network SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network PAN - Personal Area Network LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances Note that network types differ from  network topologies  (such as bus, ring and star). (See also - Introduction to Network Topologies.) LAN: Local Area Network A LAN connects network devices over a relatively sh...

cashnocash In what can be a breather for people waiting outside the ATMs to withdraw cash, here comes a website that can help you locate an ATM with cash in your vicinity. www.cashnocash.com  updates real time statistics based on the users' feedback and lets you know which ATM has cash, which has long queues and which has gone cash-dry. Just log in and type in your area code. The website will display which ATM has cash and which doesn't. Since the website updates data based on users' feedback, one can update the status by clicking the ATM venue link and then selecting one of the three options -- cash, long wait and no cash -- to help the website get updated for other users.

HUB Networks using a Star topology require a central point for the devices to connect. Originally this device was called a concentrator since it consolidated the cable runs from all network devices. The basic form of concentrator is the hub.   As shown in Figure; the hub is a hardware device that contains multiple, independent ports that match the cable type of the network. Most common hubs interconnect Category 3 or 5 twisted-pair cable with RJ-45 ends, although Coax BNC and Fiber Optic BNC hubs also exist. The hub is considered the least common denominator in device concentrators. Hubs offer an inexpensive option for transporting data between devices, but hubs don't offer any form of intelligence. Hubs can be active or passive. An   active hub  strengthens and regenerates the incoming signals before sending the data on to its destination. Passive hubs  do nothing with the signal. Ethernet Hubs An Ethernet hub is also called a multiport repeater. A...